Stephen Graham, Nelson Cengage Learning
During this valuable PD workshop, we learnt about the importance of categorizing words into four categories (Four Spelling Knowledge's) that can be used to learn how to spell words. This makes sense when you think about the number of English words that are not spelled the way they sound.
These four categories are:
Visual- focuses on the way words and letter combinations look. Knowledge here includes:
-recall and compare the appearance of words, particularly those which have been seen or learnt before
-common appearance words
-high frequency words or words which are commonly used
-recognise what letters look like and how to write them
-recognise the letters that can be grouped together in particular ways e.g. endings that frequently occur in words
-names of letters, the sounds they represent and the ways letters can be grouped together to make different sounds (ound, itch, ock)
-concept of onset and rime e.g. in the word pink, p is the onset and ink is the rime
-how to segment the sounds in words into "chunks" of sounds- phonemic awareness
-regular sound-letter patterns
-common letter sequences
-how to use morphemes to assist in the spelling of words
-how compound words are structured
-knowledge of prefixes and suffixes
-knowledge of generalisations and the rules that can be generated about adding prefixes and suffixes to words e.g. double the consonant when adding "ing"
-how words change spelling in different forms
-the roots of words and word meanings, origins and history
-particular clusters of letters that appear in words can look the same and be related in meaning, often because of their root e.g. aquatic, aquatint, aquarium
-subject specific vocabulary such as Classical roots, cooking terms, other languages
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